Ko ēhea ngā ipu paraihe e tino pai ana mō te whakapakanga inu kai?

Te Whakamārama i te Paraihe Kai-Tikanga me ngā Tīnau Haumārutanga Rāwekenga

He aha te Paraihe Kai-Tikanga, ā, he aha te take e nui ai?

Ko ngā paraihe e wātea ana ki te kai ka hangaia motuhake kia kaua ai e whakawhiti i ētahi mea kino ki roto i tā mātou kai, inu rānei. E rerekē ana ēnei i ngā paraihe noa mā te mea he ture tino paku tino hāngai ki ngā momo matū e taea ana te whakauru. Kei te kōrero mātou mō ngā mea pērā i te BPA me ngā phthalates i honoa ki ngā raru hauora. Mō ngā kamupene e hanga nei i ngā ipu me ngā kōpae, kāore anō te whakamahi i te momo paraihe hē nōra kia pakanga ai i ngā kaihoko, engari ko te whakatupua hoki i ngā take ture me te hinga haere o te ingoa arotake o te kamupene. Ko te Rōpū Arotake Kai me te Rongoā (Food and Drug Administration) he aratohu motuhake e mōhiotia ana hei Taitara 21 CFR e whakaatu nei i ngā taugata e whakaaetia ana. Ka whakamātau rātou i te nui o ngā matū e taea ana te neke atu ki te kai mā te whakauru i ngā tauira ki ngā āhuatanga pānuitia e pā ana ki ngā tikanga whakamahinga pono, pērā i te wā e waiho ai tētahi tangata i te kawhe e takoto ana i tētahi ipu paraihe mō ngā haora.

Whakaaetanga FDA me te Arataki mō ngā Paraihe e Wātea ana ki te Kai

Kia pūmau ai te haumāta, e here ana te FDA kia whai mātai ā-whakamomori ngā paraihe katoa e whakamahia ana ki te tāpiri kai. Ko te whai i ēnei toru waehanga matua:

1. Whakamātau Kupurongo Paraihe : Whakamātau i te momo paraihe mā te whakamahi i ngā tohu hoki—pērā i te #1 (PET), #5 (PP)—kia kitea ai he pai anō ai ki te noho tahi me te kai.
2. Arotake Anapera : Me tono atu ki ngā kaihautū kia hoatu ngā reta whakaaetanga a te FDA e whakapumautia ana te whakaaetanga o te matāteretia mo te whakamahi ki te kai.
3. Whakamātau Whakamahi : Kia pūmau ko te matāteretia e whakamahia ana i roto i ana paerewa whakaaetia, tae atu ki ngā tepeka o te wero me te roa o te noho tahi.

Hei tauira, he haumāta te PET (#1) mō ngā inu makariri engari kāore mō ngā inu wera, nā te mea ka taea e ngā wero hautū ke te kino i tōna ahurea. Me whakamātau ngā kaihanga i ngā kīanga a ngā kaihautū ki te rārangi o ngā matāteretia e whai pānga ana ki te kai a te FDA kia kaua ai te unu i ngā paraihe e kore nei e here.

Te Āhua o te Tāwhai Hiko e Arotake ana i te Wero me te Pānga

Ina whakamatautia ngā ipu pira, ka tūhono ngā rōpū herehere ki ngā āhuatanga uaua pērā i te whakauka i ngā ipu, nomaheke rānei i ngā mea huna kia kitea ai ngā matū e mawhiti ana ki ngā inu. Ko te Rōpū Whakahaere Kai me ngā Hua (Food and Drug Administration) e whakahaere ana i ēnei whakamātautau e mōhiotia ana hei "whakapapa tere", arā ko te tere ake i te wā, ka mataara ki ngā mea pērā i te styrene e wehe ana mai i ngā matū polystyrene i te roa o te wā. Tirohia te polypropylene e tohua ana hei #5 i ngā tohu whakauru anu – e mau tonu tēnei matū tae noa ki te 212 grāmatia Fahrenheit (ko te wāhi e uka ai te wai), nō reira he kōwhiringa pai mō ngā ipu kāwhe me ngā ipu tī. Engari me mataara te polystyrene e tohua ana hei #6; ina neke ake te wāhi ki te 158°F (pērā rānei ki te kauwhau wera), ka tīmata te wehe mai o te styrene. Ko ngā pouaka miraka e hangaia ana i te HDPE e tohua ana hei #2 he āhuatanga motuhake anō. E mau ana ēnei pouaka i tō rātou āhua, ā, e pupuri ana i te whakapōkai kimikimi ahakoa ngā tikanga uaua i te wā o te tuku haere ki ngā huarahi motu.

Ngā Paraihe Kai-Tikanga Matua mō te Whakaputanga Inu: PET, PP, me HDPE

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Te Paerewa mō ngā Kopi Paraihe Māngai Māngai

Kei te nui ake ngā inu māngai e hoki ana ki ngā pētiropareta PET āniania nā te mea he tāpata, māmā noa iho, ā, ka whai mātai i ngā paerewa haumaru o te FDA. Kāore te matūranga e tuku ana i te nuinga o te hau tūpono kia wehe mai i te soda, nō reira ka roa ake te takotoranga puipui o ngā inu puia. Anō, kāore a PET e tangohia ngā hāunga pērā me ētahi atu paraihe i te wā. Ko ngā tau ā-hanaga e whakaatu ana ko te katoa tonu o ngā pētihana inu karakara kei te ao e whakamahi ana i te whakaputanga PET. A, ko wai e tautohe ana ki te mea e haurua te māmā noa iho i te rino? Ka iti ake anō te utu kawenga hoki. Ahakoa kāore a PET e pai mō ngā wai māwhera neke atu i te 160 Fārahaipa, engari kei te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia mō ngā inu makariri. Ko te kōrero pai ko ngā kōpae PET kāore e whakawhitinga tino maha o ngā matū ki roto i ngā inu ina penapena ana i te rīhi.

Polypropylene (PP): He pai rawa mō ngā Inu Māwhera me ngā Kopi Paraihe e Taea te Mīkawehi

Ko te Polypropylene, i te mea e mōhiotia ana hei PP, he taumata tu melting kei te 250 degrees Fahrenheit (neke atu i te 121 Celsius) nā reira ka rere ake i waenganui i ngā matēriera hiko nā te mea e haumi ana ki ngā mīkawei. I whakamahia e te FDA ngā tāwhai e whakaatu ana ko tēnei hiko āhuarangi e tūhono ana i te 87 miriona iti ake o ngā hautau kino ina pāngia e te wera i te pororua i te polystyrene. Ko te āhuatanga iti nei o PP e pai ai mō ngā kapu kawhe, ngā pouaka hupa hoki ko tōna āhuatanga kōpiko iti e taea ai te pēhi ake o te hau parae kia kaua ai e māmātia, e pakaru rānei. Kua whakaaturia e ngā rangahau ko ēnei kapu e mau tonu ana i ngā wātea i te mīkawei i te rau, i te 500 wā anō hoki, kia kaua ai e wera ake i te wai kokowai, arā ko te 212 degrees Fahrenheit, te 100 degrees Celsius.

Polyethylene Hautūtanga Teitei (HDPE): Ngā Kōwhiringa Pakari, Ngā Kōwhiringa E Kinaki Ana ki ngā Mea Himikai

I te wā e pā ana ki te tākai i aua inu waikawa kōtiro e arohaina ana e tātou katoa - whakaaro ki te wai kōtiro, ki ngā inu hākinakina rānei - he tino wherikotanga te HDPE. E 0.95 karamu te rahi o tēnei rauemi mō ia henimita tapawhā, he whakangungu kaha ki ngā hinu huarere me ngā waikawa e taea ai te whakangaro i ngā reka i te wā. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau i te 63 ōrau te heke o te reka o te reka ina whakaritea ki ngā ipu PET noa. Na, ko te tino HDPE ehara i te mea maramarama, engari ko te mea e kore e kitea e te reira i roto i te kaha. Ka taea e ēnei ipu te patu, koia i te mea e kitea nuitia ai i ngā takiwā me ngā whare putunga e tino nui ana te taka. A, koinei tētahi atu mea pai mō ngā kaiwhakanao: Ko ngā pokapū tāurunga o te rohe e whakahaere ana i ngā kapu HDPE e 22% tere ake ana i ngā kōwhiringa maha-paparanga. Ko ngā pūrongo whakahaere otaota o te tau kua hipa e tautoko ana i tēnei, e whakaatu ana i ngā painga nui o te tukatuka mō ngā rauemi HDPE.

Polystyrene (PS) i roto i ngā kapu kirihou: Ngā āwangawanga mō te haumaru me ngā huringa ture

Ngā Whakamahi noa iho o te PS i roto i te Hangaia o ngā Kopu Kirihou Whakamārama

Kei te whakamahia tonu ngā kapu polystyrene i ngā wāhi e tino nui ana te moni, pēnei i ngā wharekai e iti ana te pūtea, ngā huihuinga nui rānei e hiahia ana i ngā mano o ngā taonga kotahi te wā. He pai te āhua o te rauemi, he pai te āhua o te mata, ā, kāore he utu nui ki te whakaputa i te tini mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakairo. He pai te mahi hei pupuri i ngā inu makariri, whakaaro ki ngā waiwai, ki ngā kawhe huka e tino arohaina ana e tātou i ēnei rā. Engari kia tupato ina heke rawa te pāmahana, nā te mea ka tino pakaru te polystyrene, ka tīmata te puta ngā pakaru i ngā wāhi katoa. Koia te take i mau ai te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakanao ki te whakamahi i ngā mea PS mō ngā kaupapa poto noa iho, e kore ai e nui te taumahatanga ki te rauemi i te wā.

Ko ngā mōrearea o te whakaputanga o te Styrene me ngā whakaaro hē mō te kore BPA

Ahakoa e whakapuaki ana ngā kaiwhakanao i te polystyrene (PS) hei mea kore BPA, he tino āwangawanga tonu te hauora nā te mea e kiia ana ko te heke o te styrene. Ko te FDA e whakarārangi ana i te styrene hei mea ka taea te meinga te mate pukupuku ki te tangata. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ina wera ake ngā inu i te 167 nekehanga Fahrenheit, ka piki te nui o te styrene e taka ana ki roto i a rātou i te 15 ki te 30 ōrau. He tokomaha te hunga e whakaaro ana ko te "kore BPA" he haumaru mō ngā mea katoa, engari kāore rātou e mōhio he rerekē te take o te styrene. E whakarōpūtia ana e te International Agency for Research on Cancer hei rōpū 2B carcinogen, ko te tikanga pea ka taea e te mate pukupuku. Nā ēnei āwangawanga, e waru ngā āhua puta noa i Amerika e whakahau ana i ngā tapanga whakatūpato ki runga i ngā ipu kai i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi PS mai i te tau kua hipa.

Ngā Aronga o te Ao e Whakakore Ana i te Polystyrene i roto i te Whakakōkī Kai

Neke atu i te toru tekau mā rua whenua huri noa i te ao kua whakakorehia, kua mutu rānei te whakamahi i te polystyrene (PS) mō ngā rauemi takai kai. Ko ngā ture o te Kotahitanga Pākehā mō ngā kirihou whakamahi kotahi, he tauira noa iho o tēnei āhuatanga. Kua huri anō ngā kamupene ratonga kai, nui, iti hoki, i ā rātou mahere kēmu. Mai i te tīmatanga o te tau 2022, kua whakakapi te nuinga o rātou i te waru o ngā kapu kirihou tekau i whakamahia e rātau ki te whakakapinga ki ngā kōwhiringa i hangaia mai i te PET, i te PP rānei. Ko te ture i akiaki i tēnei huringa, engari ko te mea nui ko te hiahia o ngā kiritaki i ēnei rā. Heoi anō, ko te pono pouri? He iti iho i te toru ōrau o te polystyrene katoa e whakahoutia ana i te ao. Ko te tikanga kāore he huarahi pai hei whakahoki i te reira ki tētahi mea whai hua. Na reira kei te tere haere ngā pakihi ki ngā kōwhiringa matomato ake pēnei i ngā hua PET kua whakahoutia e mahi ana i roto i ā mātou pūnaha whakahaere otaota o nāianei.

Whakataurite i te Mahi o ngā Rauemi Pūhiko Kupu i runga i ngā Tauira Matua

Whakawātea i te Waru: PET vs. PP vs. HDPE vs. PS

Ko ngā ipu PET ka noho pai kia tae ki te 158 Fāreneheit, nō reira ko 70 Selcihia, nō reira ka pai mō ngā inu makariri engari kāore anō pea i hangaia mō ētahi mea wera. Mō te whakawātea i te waru, ko te pāpata PP te kaiwhiwhi i te parāoa e ai ki te tino kaha o te kōwhiringa. Ka taea e ēnei kōpae te tino tū ake ki te wai kokowai, arā, 212 F (koia 100 C), nō reira ka haumaru te whakauru ki te mikorauhi, i te wai wera rānei. Ko HDPE kei waenganui pea, ka taea te tū ake i te 120 ki te 145 Fāreneheit kia kaua e runga. Engari ka tīmata te wehe o te polistirini (PS) ina tae ki te 185 F, nō reira ko 85 C, nō reira ko tēnei matū anake e tika ana mō te takotoranga poto o ngā mea makariri.

Whakamahinga anō me te Pānga ki te Taiao mā ia Momo Pāpata

Ina ko te kaupapa whakamātai, ko te PET te kaiārahi. E mōhiotia ana mai i ngā tauākī hou a 2023, ko te 29 ōrau o te PET katoa i hangaia ki te ao e whakauruhia ana ki te tikanga whakamātai i ia tau. Heoi anō, kei te noho tonu he raru nā te mea kei te rau atu pea te haurua (e 54% neke atu rānei) o ngā tāone whakamātai i ngā hua e kai ai te tangata. Kei te pai ake te HDPE i te matapae, e 36% pea te tikanga whakamātai, ahakoa me wehe tino te pāpaku i ngā wāhi whakamātai nā te mea he rerekē te taumaha o ia momo. Ko te polypropylene tētahi atu raru. Kotahi anake te toru ōrau e whakauruhia ana ki te tikanga whakamātai ahakoa e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mō te wāhi e iti haere ana ngā putanga ki te taiao (e 42% te itinga) ina huri ngā tāngata ki ngā kōpae PP e whakamahia ana anō i ngā kōpae kotahi wā. Ina ko te polystyrene, me tāku e kī nei, kei te tata ki te kore ngā tere whakamātai i ēnei rā, e iti ake ana i te kotahi ōrau, hauora nui nō te mea kāore he kai e hiahia ki te whakawhitinga moni, ki te uaua rānei o ngā tikanga hangarau e hāngai ana.

Whai Wāhi Mō Te Utu mō Ngā Kaihanga me Te Whakatau Toa

Ko te Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) te kaiwhaiwhai i te mākeke mōhio nā te mea e 18 ki te 22 miriona iti ake pea te utu ki te hāngai ki te polypropylene (PP). Nō reira ko PET he mea pai mō ngā hua e hangaia ana i ngā tapeke nui. Engari ko te take: ka taea pea e PP te whakamahi anō i ngā wā maha nā tōna kaha, e pēra pea haurua te utu i muri i ngā rima tekau wā rānei whakamahinga. Ko te polyethylene ā-kīato (HDPE) anō hoki e tu ake ana nā te mea e mahi pai ake ana ki ngā patunga i te PET ina rite te nekeneke, nō reira ko HDPE he kōwhiringa tika mō ngā mea e hiahiatia ana kia roa atu i te utu e tika ana. Mā te titiro ki ngā rangahau hou kua tūhia e ngā tohunga o te 2024 ka kitea e huri haere ana ngā ingoa toa ki PP ahakoa kei te teitei ake te utu tuatahi mai i te waru tekau miriona. Kei te tino whai whakaaro rātou ki ngā mea ka tū i muri ake i te wā, kaua ko ngā āhuatanga tuatahi anake, ka whai mātauranga rātou ki te taiao me te mahi ake o ēnei matapae i te wā roa.