Kāre ngā kapu pereka tētahi pakitara e mau ana i te 9 ki te 16 ounces, ā, e whai awhi ana kia noho māmā tonu ngā inu mō te 15 ki te 20 meneti i mua i te māngere. He pai ake ngā kapu e rua ngā pakitara nā te wāhi hau kei roto e iti ake ai te māmā o waho e te 40 ōrau e ai ki ngā rangahau mai i te Pukapuka Pūtaiao Matēria kua pāhua. Arā, ka taea e te tangata te hāpai i ngā inu hohoro ki te 190 degrees Fahrenheit kāore ai i ruaki ana ō rātou ringa, ā, ka noho māmā tonu ngā inu mō te haurua haora neke atu rānei. Ko te nuinga anō o ngā kaihanga kapu hurihuri e tāpiri ana i ēnei tapa porotiti e whakawatea ai te tango me te pupuri, ina hea ina he weté te matimati i te wā tāwhai inu.
Ko te hoahoa ripiripi e mahi ana ma te waihanga i aua rerekētanga iti o te pepa e hanga ana i ngā wāhi hau e 0.8 ki te 1.2 mirimita penei te whānui katoa i te taha o te ipu. Ka heke pea te paemuri mata i te 20 mitaia Fākenahita tēnei nā ngā wāhi iti nei mā te tātari ki ngā ipu nofo houngia. He mea mākaro nui tēnei, nā te mea ka whakapakari ake i te herekenga ki te wera kāore anō hoki e hiahiatia ngā matū hou, nā reira ka pai tonu ngā ipu e mahi ana ki ngā whakapakanga umukai hua taiao. I tētahi rangahau hou mai i te Kāhui Kaitiaki Kawhe i te tau 2024 i kitea hoki he mea hou. I pā atu te piki ake o ngā kaitiaki kawhe, nā te mea kāore anō ratou e hiahia ana ki te whakamahi i ētahi ipu e rua inā whakarātangia ana ngā inu wera ki ēnei ipu ripiripi motuhake. E mōhiotia ana tēnei nā te nui o te wera e pāhua ai ngā ipu tikanga ina whakarātangia ana.
Ko ngā tapa PLA i hangaia mai i te paruwehenga ānihera e hoatu nei i a mātou ngā herekore korepūrora mō ngā wai, engari kei te taima. Me whakauru ēnei ki ngā tautuhinga umanga motuhake kia pēra ai te wehe haumanu, ka takes pea i te 58 rā katoa. Ko ngā takotoranga acrylic huinga-wai arā anō pea he pai hoki mō te pupuri i ngā mea kia kaua e rere. E ai ki ētahi rangahau hou ake mai i te Sustainable Packaging Coalition i te 2023, he 22 ōrau te iti ake te pānga karboni i te wā i hangaia ai ēnei takotoranga, ahakoa kāore i taea te whakaputangia ki ngā pouaka paruwehenga. Mō ngā inu rerekē, ko ngā whakamātautau tuatoru e tohu ana ko te PLA e tū ana pai ake ki ngā mea whakapaipai pērā i ngā huango poro rīwai kei hea kaheka te pH i raro ake i te 5. Ko ngā huinga-wai anō pea e mahi pai ake ana ina arotake ana ki ngā hua rīwai e pirau ana ki te maha o ngā huinga mātukutuku.
| Rauemi | Te Māku o te Huringa Wera | Paruwehenga | Tūmomo mo ia 1000 |
|---|---|---|---|
| PE Plastic | 212°F | Kore-whakarewa | $18-$22 |
| Petroleum Wax | 185°F | Ruatia | $14-$17 |
| PLA Bioplastic | 200°F | Porihanga | $24-$28 |
| Wai-tirohanga | 195°F | Kāore e hūtia | $20-$23 |
Ko ngā ipu pepa PE-pāpahi e pāngia ana i te 68% o te māke e kaihoko ai, engari kei te tipu haere ngā whakakapi PLA i te 19% ia tau ā hekei ake te tāruatanga (Packaging Digest 2024).
Kua noho wera ake te kōhī i te wā e 35 ōrau atu ana i te wā e āwhina ana ki ngā tazipaper takirua-taupapa tērā i ngā tazi kotahi-taupapa, e ai ki te Pūrongo Ahumāra Tāpiri i tukuna ai i te tau ki muri. Anō hea, kua maroke ake anō hoki ngā tazi ki waho—e toru tekau grāmatia Fahrenhei te rerekētanga, nui te whai hua mō ngā kaiwhiwhi e mau nei i ngā tazi. He nui te take o te hoahoa ripiripi nā te mea ko ngā takotoranga takirua nei ka whawhai ki te wera e neke mai ana i te matū o te tazi. Ko ngā kāwhe e āwhina i ngā inu i runga ake i te 180 grāmatia Fahrenhei, kua iti ake te hiahia ki ngā kōpaki poka. Ka iti ake ngā whakaarotake mō ngā ringa kua pakaru umangaia ana pea ki te 42 ōrau. I kite tonu ēnei āhuatanga ētahi kaitirotiro kāwhe i muri i te huri i ō rātou kaiwhakapiri.
Ka timata ngā kapu e whai a PLA anō te pūmahara i te wero o ngā wero ki te 140 degree F, he raru nui tēnei mō ngā tīpoka espresso e tata ana ki te 160, pea hoki ake ake. Ki te titiro ki ngā mea e āhua ana i te ao o ngā pouaka e noho pai ana ki te taiao kua pā mai hōhonu, kei ētahi mea e āhua ana e pā ana ki ngā huiri e hāngai ana ki te wai. E āhua pai ake ana ēnei i te pani a te wero, e mau tonu ana tino tae noa ki te 195 degree F. Nō reira ka nui ake te whakapāhaia ki ngā wāhi kai kawhe matatau e mahi ana i ngā kawhe paukoro, ērā atu hoki ngā kawhe e pā ana te wero. Engari, kāore ngā kapu pepa e whai a parae anō pai ana i ngā inu paruparu pērā i ngā kawhe makariri e whai karaka anō ana. Ka pā te paruparu ki te huiri i te roanga o te wā. I tētahi whakamātau hou, i kitea ai ko ngā kapu parae i rere ai te 18% tere ake i ngā kapu e whai a pāripara anō ai i muri i te noho roa me ngā rauemi paruparu.
| Momo Kapu | Toleransi Wero | Whakamahinga Tino Tika |
|---|---|---|
| Tetahi Pāpaku | Ki te 160°F | Americano kai i te tēpu |
| Rua-parekura | Ki te 200°F | Lattes kawe-kānga |
| Piko-kopaki | Ki te 210°F | Reihe tī chai hokihi |
Hei ngā whare kai kawhe urbane hōhonu ka rapua te 27% iti ake ngā herenga parirau mā te whakamahi i ngā ipu rua-parekura i ngā wā pōuri o te ata. Mō ngā wā whakahaere e piki ake i te 15 meneti, ko ngā rārangi piko-kopaki e penapena ai te mahana ki waho 55% e whakarereketia ana ki ngā ipu pepa noa.
Ahakoa ko te 78% o ngā kaihoko e hāngai ana i te whakawhitinga "mātaiaroa" ki ngā painga taiao (Pew Research 2023), ko te nuinga o ngā kopi kōpae pepa ka wareware noa i ngā tikanga tohatoha ahumahi motuhake. Ko te wareware tinana tino e takes ana i ngā wā 12 i ngā aronga rite, engari ka taea te torutoru tau, neke atu rānei ki te toru tau ki ngā punga paru.
Ngā tohu tuatoru e āwhina ana kia whakamāoritia ngā whakawhitinga e pā ana ki te tōpurutanga:
I tūhono tētahi rangahau 2023 ko te 34% anake o ngā ipu kua tohua “ka puremu” i ōrite ki ēnei whakapūmau i te whakamātautau takitahi.
He maha ngā ipu kua whakatairanga hei ka whakarewahia engari kei roto he rāpoi PLA e whakapīpī ana i ngā rere o te pene rākau arataki. Ko te puremu tika e toru ngā āhuatanga e noho ana rānei: te wehe mai i te paru arataki, te urupare ki te puremu a te umanga (e wātea ana mō te 27% anake o ngā kamupene o Amerika), me te kore o ngā karaihe pētane.
Ko ngā rāpoi PLA e ōrite ana ki ngā paerewa whakapūmau i ngā takotoranga teihana engari ka puremu tūpono anake ina:
Mā te kāore he hononga mātai puremu ā-municipal, āno te ipu PLA kua whakapūmatia, ka mutu hoki ki ngā turanga paru.
Ko te tohu utu mō ngā ipu māmā ake i te 20 ki te 35 ōrau te nui ake i ngā ipu pāriha noa, nā te mea he tino utu ake ngā matēria me te paparorohia whakaaetanga katoa e hiahiatia ana. E ai ki tētahi pūrongo o PwC i te tau ki muri, kei te hiahia te nuinga o ngā tāngata ki ngā pouaka e hāpai ana i te taiao ēnei wā. E waru ki te tekau o ngā kaihoko e waru mā rāua ka whakapono ki a ia, ā, tata ki te rua tuatoru ka tuku atu i tētahi atu 10% mēnā e hiahiatia ana. Ina titiro ki ngā utu pono, ko ngā ipu PLA mā te tekau mā rua hereni ia kotahi te utu, i te whitu hereni ia kotahi mō ngā putanga paerewa polyethylene. Engari ko tētahi mea hihiri: ina hokonga kavareti ngā kawhe rīwai i runga ake i te rima mano aniniti, ka iti ake te rerekētanga umanga 15%. Nō reira kei te āhua uaua te whiringa mō ngā kaitiaki kavareti, ko te kōwhiringa i waenganui i ngā utu tuatahi me ngā painga roa-rawa pērā i te pupuri i ngā kaihoko pūmau me te whakatutuki i ngā tikanga. Kua whakatau kē ngā tūmanako e rua tekau mā toru kei Amerika kia kaha te pupuruhia ngā pouaka mō ngā kamupene e hiahiatia ana he rama tahi miriona miriona tāra i ia tau.
Kua painga ngā kafé iti (1–3 wāhi) mai i ngā rōpū hoko tūhuratanga, kaitea utu 18–22% mā ngā ota tuinga PLA. Ka eke ngā whakaururanga rahi ki te 30–40% te penapena utu i te wā o te 36 marama mā te whakapumautia i ngā kirimeti mātua mō ngā kaiwhakarato me ngā whāinga aronga taiao e neke haere ana. Me āhua ēnei katoa:
E ai ki te pūrongo a Amazon Business 2024, ko ngā kafé e huihui ana i ēnei strategia ka hoki 50–65% o ngā utu aronga ki te taiao mā te iti ake i ngā utu kikokiko me ngā whakakāinga tāke i roto i ngā tau e rua.
Kei te māia ngā kawhe reka ki ā rātou ipu pepa ēnei wā, ka huri i ēnei ipu hei whakapiringa huarahi mō ō rātou tohu. E ai ki ētahi rangahau, ko te mahara a te tangata ki ngā tohu kawhe kei runga i ngā ipu ritenga e 50% ake nei i ngā tohu kei runga i ngā ipu noa, e tika ana tēnei ina tukuna ai te whakaaro ki te maha o ngā tāngata e haere ana i te tāone me tā rātou kawhe mōhio. Ko te mārika pono ka hua ake ina tuhinga ngā kawhe i ētahi hoahoa paraihe engari māmā ki ngā ipu. Ka pekapeka ngā tae maritea ki ngā papamārui, ka taea e ngā waehenga QR te uru atu ngā kiritaki ki ngā kaupapa utu mai i te tapa o te huarahi anō, ā, ēnei hoahoa motuhake e hāngai ana ki ngā inu tauwāhi e rongonui ana i te wā e noho nei. Kei te pīroto hoki te nuinga o ngā kaitiaki ki te whakaatu i ngā whakauringa e pā ana ki te taiao ki ō rātou ipu, he iti noa iho te kupu mō ngā matapae putawa, he nui rānei te tohu i ngā whakapāpaku i ngā aronga karbona. He aha hoki te ara pai ake hei torotoro mō te whakauru ki te ao taiao i tētahi mea e kawe ana ia tangata?
Kua whakakapihia ngā inika pāpaku mā te wai me te parahiato rīwai i ngā takotoranga kikokiko, e hoatu ana i te tohu kaha, haumaru hoki. Ko ngā tāwhiringa matatau hei whakamātau i te ahuatanga o ngā hoahoa ki:
| Tauwehe | Tōmuri Painga |
|---|---|
| Ko te Hūkei | Kāore he nuinga inika ina ngaro ngā ipu |
| Te Pakanga ki te Mīkawēva | Kāore he waipuhi metara e hohoro ana |
| Te Hāpai ki te Tio | Kua pakari ngā tohu ki te karapoti |
Ngā āhuatanga rua kaupapa pērā i ngā ringaringa takirua me ngā tapa kore-whatonga e whakanui ana i te mahi me te kounga kitea anō hoki.
E ai ki te Pūrongo Hōtaka Kai hou whakamutunga mai i te tau 2024, e rua noa rānei ngā tuatoru o ngā kaihoko e hono ana i te āhua o te tēpuhi ki te whakaaro mō te inu kei roto. Ko ngā tēpuhi māmā he mea noa mō ngā lattes me ētahi atu rīwai reka, ā, ko ngā mea ruarua, matihia, he nui ake te kitea me ngā inu motuhake. Ina huri ngā kāfe ki ngā hua waimārama pērā i ngā tēpuhi PLA, ka tukuna tētahi karuwhenua hahinga mō te tiaki i te taiao. Engari, ka pai ake tēnei ina e wātea ana he aratohu pai mō te wāhi e throwa ai i ngā mea nei. Kua kite tātou i ēnei tapanga e kī ana pērā i te "Komipota Ahau ki ngā Whakapakanga Tūmatanui" e āwhina ai i ngā tāngata kia mōhio tonu ki te mea e tika ana kia mahi. Nō ngā wā katoa anō ngā toa kāfe iti ka whakamahi i ēnei tēpuhi rua-taupapa i hangaia ki ngā kapi pūpahi taiao. E kore anō ia e iti ai i te parae pareti engari e pupuri hoki i te āhuarangi o ngā inu mō te nuinga o ngā tāngata. I pūrongo te Rōpū Kāfe Ōmotu i te tau 2023 ko te whā o ngā tekau o ngā kaiinu kāfe e hiahia ana kia tino pai te āhuarangi o ō rātou inu.
Ko ngā tazipaper kotahi-parekura he pākahukahu matua mōrearea, ā, ka pupuri i ngā inu wera mō te 15-20 meneti. Ko ngā tazipaper takirua-parekura he pai ake te pākahukahu nā te wāhi hau kei waenganui i ngā paparanga, ka pupuri i ngā inu wera mō te neke ake i te 30 meneti, ā, ka taea te whakamahinga i ngā inu wera ake kia kaua ai te pakaru ngā ringa.
Ka whakapai ake ngā tazipaper ripiripi i te māmā o te wera nā te wāhi hau kei waenganui i ngā rāranga, kāore he huringa atu anō i ngā taputapu. Ka mahi pai ki ngā takotoranga paru wheoraika ana, pērā me ngā tazipaper noa.
Ko ngā tazipaper e totohu ana te PLA, e hangaia ana i te parakete mais, e here ana ki te paru wheoraika motuhake kia wehe katoa. He iti ake te painga karbona o ngā totohu paraihe wai engari kāore i te paru wheoraika. E whakatakarotia ana ngā tazipaper PLA e ngā inu whero ake, ā, ko ngā totohu wai he pai ake mō ngā hua miraka.
Ahakoa he ētahi ipu e kī ana kei te taea te whakamahi anō, ka taea e ngā rerekētanga PLA te whakararu i ngā tikanga whakamahi anō pepa noa. Ko te pono o te paru e noho ana ki ngā tikanga me te aronga here whenua e kī ana i te nuinga o ngā tikanga.
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